Codon fitnesses for chloroplast genes were estimated using the relative synonymous codon use of psbA, which has a different pattern of codon use than other chloroplast genes and is the major translation product of the chloroplast. These estimates were used to calculate the codon adaptation index (CAI) of chloroplast genes from Marchantia polymorpha, Nicotiana tabacum, and Chlamydomonas reinhard...

Medicago spp. is the most important forage crop in many regions of the world.Annual medics have distinct advantages over perennial Medicago. These species have fastergrowth rate in cultivation year, higher crude protein percentage, tolerance to pests and morevigorous seedlings. Morphological and physical aspects of pod and seeds of annual medicsplay a major role in the tolerance of the plants t...

While Marchantia polymorpha has been utilized as a model system to investigate fundamental biological questions for over almost two centuries, there is renewed interest in M. polymorpha as a model genetic organism in the genomics era. Here we outline community guidelines for M. polymorpha gene and transgene nomenclature, and we anticipate that these guidelines will promote consistency and reduc...

Recently, the liverwort Marchantia polymorpha has received increasing attention as a basal plant model for multicellular studies. Its ease of handling, well-characterized plastome and proven protocols for biolistic plastid transformation qualify M. polymorpha as an attractive platform to study the evolution of chloroplasts during the transition from water to land. In addition, chloroplasts of M...

Marchantia polymorpha L. is a representative bryophyte used as a traditional Chinese medicinal herb for scald and pneumonia. The phytochemicals in M. polymorpha L. are terpenoids and flavonoids, among which especially the flavonoids show significant human health benefits. Many researches on the gametophyte of M. polymorpha L. have been reported. However, as the reproductive organ of M. polymorp...

The two-spotted leafhopper, Sophonia rufofascia (Kuoh and Kuoh), is an exotic pest from South-East Asia that attacks a wide variety of plant species in Hawaii. Myrica faya Aiton is an aggressive exotic weed that displaces and excludes native plants in Hawaiian forests. It has been argued that because of the high nutritional quality of its foliage, M. faya might facilitate leafhopper invasion of...